Statue depicting Christopher Columbus at Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA. © copyright holder of this work is Molly R. Oster. page 4, figure 2.
Statue depicting Christopher Columbus at Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA. © copyright holder of this work is Molly R. Oster. page 4, figure 2.

Remains of the temple to the Egyptian gods in Pergamum. This temple complex was the largest building in the ancient city of Pergamum. Including its large courtyard, the temple complex covered an area approximately two-hundred sixty meters by one hundred meters. As was typical with Egyptian cults, the temple contained large pools to be used for religious purification. © copyright holder of this work is Richard E. Oster. page 30, figure 5.
Remains of the temple to the Egyptian gods in Pergamum. This temple complex was the largest building in the ancient city of Pergamum. Including its large courtyard, the temple complex covered an area approximately two-hundred sixty meters by one hundred meters. As was typical with Egyptian cults, the temple contained large pools to be used for religious purification. © copyright holder of this work is Richard E. Oster. page 30, figure 5.

Photo shows part of the upper agora in Ephesus along with the remains of the basilica. The colonnade found here comes from the Augustan period. © copyright holder of this work is Richard E. Oster.
Photo shows part of the upper agora in Ephesus along with the remains of the basilica. The colonnade found here comes from the Augustan period. © copyright holder of this work is Richard E. Oster.
About the time that the Apostle Paul was in Corinth (AD 50), the German city of Cologne was founded as a Roman colony (Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium). Thus, from an early date there is abundant Roman materials from Cologne and its suburbs. This sepulchral monument shows two capricorns holding a globe of the earth. Since the emperor Augustus had taken the Capricorn as his birth sign, this depicts Augustan control of the earth. Located in the Römisch-Germanisches Museum (Roman-Germanic Museum), Cologne, Germany. © copyright holder of this work is Richard E. Oster. Page 31, figure 10.
About the time that the Apostle Paul was in Corinth (AD 50), the German city of Cologne was founded as a Roman colony (Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium). Thus, from an early date there is abundant Roman materials from Cologne and its suburbs. This sepulchral monument shows two capricorns holding a globe of the earth. Since the emperor Augustus had taken the Capricorn as his birth sign, this depicts Augustan control of the earth. Located in the Römisch-Germanisches Museum (Roman-Germanic Museum), Cologne, Germany. © copyright holder of this work is Richard E. Oster. Page 31, figure 10.
This Temple of Dendur was built during the early reign of Augustus in ancient Nubia as a site for worship of Isis and other Egyptian deities. The reason for its construction was to establish Roman hegemony on this border region along the Nile. On some of the walls the Roman Emperor Augustus is depicted as a Pharaoh worshipping the Egyptian gods and goddesses. The temple was relocated to the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City and was erected in the Museum in 1978. © copyright holder of this work is Richard E. Oster. Page 33, figure 15.
This Temple of Dendur was built during the early reign of Augustus in ancient Nubia as a site for worship of Isis and other Egyptian deities. The reason for its construction was to establish Roman hegemony on this border region along the Nile. On some of the walls the Roman Emperor Augustus is depicted as a Pharaoh worshipping the Egyptian gods and goddesses. The temple was relocated to the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City and was erected in the Museum in 1978. © copyright holder of this work is Richard E. Oster. Page 33, figure 15.
This Egyptian Temple of Taffeh was constructed along the Nile in ancient Nubia during the latter third of the reign of Augustus (AD 1-14). Its construction was designed to demonstrate Roman power and influence over the religious life of the Nubians. This temple was transported to the Netherlands and reassembled in the Nation Museum of Antiquities (Rijksmuseum van Oudheden ) in Leiden in the 1970s. © copyright holder of this work is Richard E. Oster. Page 33, figure 16.
This Egyptian Temple of Taffeh was constructed along the Nile in ancient Nubia during the latter third of the reign of Augustus (AD 1-14). Its construction was designed to demonstrate Roman power and influence over the religious life of the Nubians. This temple was transported to the Netherlands and reassembled in the Nation Museum of Antiquities (Rijksmuseum van Oudheden ) in Leiden in the 1970s. © copyright holder of this work is Richard E. Oster. Page 33, figure 16.
Map based upon the text of itinerary of mid-first century AD Greek document, Periplus. Page 35, figure 18.
Map based upon the text of itinerary of mid-first century AD Greek document, Periplus. Page 35, figure 18.

© copyright holder of this work is PHGCOM. This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike.

This is a portion of the text of the Res Gestae Divi Augusti (Acts of the Divine Augustus) located on the walls of the Temple of Augustus in the ancient Galatian city of Ankyra. This very large inscription is bilingual. For those entering the Temple of Augustus the original Latin text was written on the walls. On the outer walls (more accessible today) the text was written in the lingua franca of Greek. Seen here in this Greek translation, this work of Augustus is entitled the πράξεις of the divine Augustus, using the same Greek term used for the “Acts” of the Apostles. Located in Ankara, Turkey. Page 35, figure 19.
This is a portion of the text of the Res Gestae Divi Augusti (Acts of the Divine Augustus) located on the walls of the Temple of Augustus in the ancient Galatian city of Ankyra. This very large inscription is bilingual. For those entering the Temple of Augustus the original Latin text was written on the walls. On the outer walls (more accessible today) the text was written in the lingua franca of Greek. Seen here in this Greek translation, this work of Augustus is entitled the πράξεις of the divine Augustus, using the same Greek term used for the “Acts” of the Apostles. Located in Ankara, Turkey. © copyright holder of this work is Richard E. Oster. Page 35, figure 19.In addition to this important temple in the modern city of Ankara, capital of the modern Republic of Turkey, archaeologist have found remains of another temple with a copy of the Res Gestae Divi Augusti in the New Testament city of Pisidian Antioch (Acts 13); see Wilson, Biblical Turkey, 109-18. © copyright holder of this work is Richard E. Oster. Page 36, figure 20.In addition to this important temple in the modern city of Ankara, capital of the modern Republic of Turkey, archaeologist have found remains of another temple with a copy of the Res Gestae Divi Augusti in the New Testament city of Pisidian Antioch (Acts 13); see Wilson, Biblical Turkey, 109-18. © copyright holder of this work is Richard E. Oster. Page 36, figure 20.

This Roman Gem, known as the “Actium Victory Cameo,” shows Augustus in a chariot being drawn by four Tritons. The iconography of this image with its ocean and globe depicts Augustus as “Master of land and sea” in its celebration of the Victory of Actium. Gem located in the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna, Austria. Page 39, figure 26
This Roman Gem, known as the “Actium Victory Cameo,” shows Augustus in a chariot being drawn by four Tritons. The iconography of this image with its ocean and globe depicts Augustus as “Master of land and sea” in its celebration of the Victory of Actium. Gem located in the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna, Austria. © copyright holder of this work is Richard E. Oster. Page 39, figure 26

This Ephesian monument is known as the Fountain of Trajan (Nymphaeum Traiani) and was dedicated to this emperor no later than AD 114. The center niche originally contained a colossal statue of the emperor Trajan. The fragmentary remains include the foot of the Emperor Trajan next to a globe representing a subservient earth. Page 39, figure 27.
This Ephesian monument is known as the Fountain of Trajan (Nymphaeum Traiani) and was dedicated to this emperor no later than AD 114. The center niche originally contained a colossal statue of the emperor Trajan. The fragmentary remains include the foot of the Emperor Trajan next to a globe representing a subservient earth. © copyright holder of this work is Richard E. Oster. Page 39, figure 27.

This close up shows a Greek inscription under the statue of Trajan which stated among other things that he was regarded as “son of god.” © copyright holder of this work is Richard E. Oster. Page 40, figure 28.
This close up shows a Greek inscription under the statue of Trajan which stated among other things that he was regarded as “son of god.” © copyright holder of this work is Richard E. Oster. Page 40, figure 28.

Map of Priene, Metropolis, Maeonia, Dorylaion, Eumeneia, Apameia. These are the cities in which the well-known Priene Calendar inscription have been discovered. Page 46, figure 32.
Map of Priene, Metropolis, Maeonia, Dorylaion, Eumeneia, Apameia. These are the cities in which the well-known Priene Calendar inscription have been discovered. Page 46, figure 32.
Map of Christian congregations in first century Asia Minor. Page 54, figure 33.
Map of Christian congregations in first century Asia Minor. Page 54, figure 33.
Scenes from Hierapolis. © copyright holder of this work is Richard E. Oster. Page 56, figure 34.
Scenes from Hierapolis. © copyright holder of this work is Richard E. Oster. Page 56, figure 34.